Philip A Bloom, ... Philippe Denis, in Glaucoma (Second Edition), 2015. Endometrial ablation with the Nd:YAG laser can be used to treat recurrent dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Nd:YAG lasers were the first types of true pulsed lasers to be marketed exclusively for dental use in 1990. After approximately 8 weeks, healing occurs with the appearance of an intense granulation tissue and a dense fibrosis (Lopez-Beltran et al., 2002). CO2 lasers can be used and can be particularly appropriate for polymers. Y. Matsuura, in Lasers for Medical Applications, 2013. Dynamic cryogen spray cooling was used with a 30 ms spurt and a 40 ms delay between cryogen spurt and laser irradiation. 1989), the SHG of continuous single mode argon laser radiation (λ=488 nm) (Zimmerman et al. One of the most important advances in Nd:YAG production in recent years has been the trend toward larger diameter boules.Internal strain in the grown boule is the principle cause of optical distortion in finished laser rods more than a few tens ofmillimeters in length (in shorter rods, the quality of the end finish is more important). Goldberg devised two similar studies to examine the effectiveness of the 1320 nm Nd:YAG laser for the treatment of facial rhytides. The frequency conversion of the Nd:YAG lasers is the most popular and important application of BBO. A: The nd:YAG laser is a versatile device that can be used to address a host of skin concerns. Rigid Bronchoscopy: Normal vocal cords, tight subglottic stenosis (5–7 mm) with sufficient distance below vocal cords to allow for resection. Nd:YAG stands for neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet; Nd:Y3Al5O12. Issues stemming from the hydrostatic pressure of feeder and reticular veins can also be addressed because veins up to 3 mm can be treated, although patient's tolerance to pain may become an issue as pain increases with treatment of larger vessels. Tina S Alster MD, Elizabeth L Tanzi MD, in Surgery of the Skin, 2005. Generation of the second and third harmonic radiation with wavelength ranges of 390–365 nm and 244–259 nm respectively, was obtained (Imai et al. The BBO crystals may also be effectively used for the frequency doubling of femtosecond pulse lasers. The laser fiber will be positioned at the proximal end of the area of stenosis or even inside the renal pelvis. Both blue, black, red, green, yellow, and brown, reduce pigmentation problems in the skin such as freckle, sun freckle, black birthmark and Ota, as well as Q Switch Ruby. Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet) is a crystal that is used as a laser medium for solid -state lasers. A pulsed dye laser is best for thin red veins which are close to the skin's surface. The laser energy is delivered using long pulses which are converted into heat … It can also be used for flow visualization techniques in fluid dynamics, It is the most common laser used in laser rangefinders and laser designators, It is used as pumping tunable visible light lasers. Further techniques such as extracapsular extraction … A carbon lotion is used on the skin and this penetrates the hair follicle. Following this is a more detailed description of the Lab-Series laser system, concluding with system specifications and outline drawings. Only two out of ten patients expressed satisfaction with their final result despite clinician evaluations showing significant improvement in five of ten patients and fair improvements in another three. For this reason, it is recommended not to completely distend the bladder during the procedure. This NLO crystal has been used for second (λ=5321 nm), third (λ=354.7 nm), fourth (λ=266.1 nm) and fifth (λ=212.8 nm) harmonic generations of Nd:YAG lasers (λ=1064.2 nm). Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) is a crystal that is commonly used as a lasing medium for solid-state lasers. blistering) from excessive heat production, it is imperative that epidermal temperatures be kept lower than 50 °C. Therefore, surgery needed to be completed as soon as possible after pre-treatment. Treated initially for adult-onset asthma with no relief of symptoms. It is used for research applications such as mass spectrometry, remote sensing and Raman spectroscopy. Laser surgery is often used to correct the most common complication of the procedure, a thickening and clouding of the capsule that's called posterior capsule opacification (PCO). Z. Cheng, D. Tang, in Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, 2001. In order to prevent unwanted sequelae (e.g. The latest model is capable of delivering energy densities up to 24 J/cm2 with a pulse duration of 350 μs through a 10-mm spot size hand-piece. This is why some authors recommend reducing the power of the laser to 30 W in patients who have suffered previous laser interventions on the bladder or in patients with tumors of the posterior bladder wall (Hofstetter, 1992). Imaging: Chest radiograph normal, Chest CT imaging normal. The light energy sources such as flashtubes or laser diodes … 1988b). The use of the Ho:YAG laser also has the advantage of fragmenting existing secondary kidney stones. More importantly, the ultrafast pulse lengths, typically < 20 pS, allow for material removal with virtually no heat effect on the substrate. Frequency doubling of DPSS lasers often provides better processing characteristics (Knowles et al., 2007; Karnakis et al., 2005). One or two laser passes were applied to achieve the treatment endpoint of mild erythema. Two series of patients were studied. As coagulation of the tumor occurs it turns to a whitish color. Another benefit of ultrafast laser drilling is that such lasers are often capable of machining polymers, ceramics and so forth, for which the base wavelengths (typically ~ 775 or ~ 1060 nm) are generally unsuitable for longer pulse lengths due to the lack of absorption. Yb:KYW, Yb-doped Potassium Yttrium Tungstate, laser wavelength 1030 nm). Ho:YAG laser incision is preferred because of its increased safety profile, which is due to a reduced tissue penetrability (0.5–1 mm compared to 5–6 mm for the Nd:YAG laser). The Nd:YAG laser was the first type of laser used in urological practice. The risk of bladder wall perforation and injury of the adjacent organs has limited the use of this type of laser. The excimer laser is a pulsed laser that produces a large uniform beam that is mask imaged onto the workpiece and can produce arrays of holes, shaped holes and 3D structured holes (Rizvi et al., 2000). Often the highest quality drilling occurs with pulse energies that are not greatly above that required to exceed the ablation threshold, and so many solid state lasers were run with low pulse energy or with beam attenuation to reduce the pulse energy where this could not be obtained directly from the laser. This results in important applications in far-ultraviolet resonance Raman scattering spectroscopy (Hudson 1986). PB CJ CP Fig. The high repetition rates available (kHz) allow high productivity hole drilling (Tunna et al., 2006). The former tends to offer higher pulse energies (> 10 μJ to several mJ) and moderately high repetition rates (1–500 kHz), while pulse energies in fibre lasers are restricted typically to < 20 μJ but with repetition rates to 10's MHz. Also, small focused spot size is important when narrow kerfs and heat affected zones are required, or when drilling extremely small diameter holes. The anterior edge of the 2.2 mm sapphire tip of the delivery fiberoptic hand piece is placed 0.5 to 1.0 mm from the limbus (the probe is centered 1.5–2.0 mm behind the limbus) and gentle pressure is applied with the probe, which is oriented perpendicular to the sclera. All suffered for at least 1 year with recurrent menometrorrhagia that was unresponsive to other treatments such as hormonal therapy or removal of polyps or fibroids. IPL Hair Removal. YAG is the acronym for yttrium aluminum garnet (Y 3 Al 5 O 12), a synthetic crystal material which became popular in the form of laser crystals in the 1960s. An application related to ‘on-the-fly’ drilling is perforation of polymer films. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. The neodymium ion acts as the lasing medium in the Nd:YAG crystal. In the noncontact laser, power settings of 4–8 J per application are used for a duration of 20 ms with 8–10 applications per quadrant. If the capsule opening is small in diameter or occurs in conjunction with other eye diseases, the anterior capsule may shrink postoperatively by fibrosis. Management Idiopathic Tracheal Stenosis: Patient serially dilated in the operating room with rigid bronchoscopes. A 1320 nm Nd:YAG laser was the first commercially available system marketed solely for the purpose of non-ablative laser skin remodeling. NOT all lasers are effective when it comes to treating darker skin … To find out more about these treatments, please contact us or use our online booking system to book your free consultation/patch test today. IPL laser hair removal is a very popular method of hair removal. Treatment with this type of laser ensures a very good hemostasis, which makes postoperative bladder lavage to be rarely necessary. The pulsed Nd:YAG laser is good for drilling sub-millimetre holes in foils and thin sheets, but for applications that require larger numbers of smaller holes, such as the manufacture of mesh foils with individual holes of the order of 5–50 μm and a large open area, the DPSS laser can offer a better solution. Nd Yag Laser Hair removal The Nd Yag long pulse laser can be used safely on all skin types, including tanned. The majority of our clients have experienced amazing results. Distal tracheobronchial tree normal. Er:YAG Lasers - Properties and Applications, Nd:YCOB Lasers - Properties and Applications, Deuterium Fluoride Lasers - Properties and Applications, Applications of Nd YAG laser – Winner Science, Diodelaser Pumped Nd : YAG Laser – Department of Physics and Astronomy – The University of IOWA, Head-Up Displays: System Benefits from 2D to AR, Using Virtual Reality (VR) for Training Scenarios, Shop Floor Surface Inspection with 4D InSpec Surface Gauge, FlowCam® 8000 Series for Particle Analysis. Larger boules have significantly lower strain levels over much of their cross section resulting in significantly lower optical distortion in finished rods.An additional advantage of larg… It is designed to target pigment cells. Indications include inoperable patients due to surgical considerations or significant comorbidities, patients who refuse surgical treatment, simple lesions such as postintubation granulation tissue that are easily and effectively handled by laser resection, Note: Laser treatment is not the treatment of choice for tracheal stenosis, Data for benign lesions are limited to several small case series only.22,23. The 1320 nm Nd:YAG laser hand-piece contains three portals: the laser beam itself, a thermal feedback sensor that registers skin surface temperature, and a dynamic cryogen spray apparatus used for epidermal cooling. Reality in Virtual Reality Limited (RIVR) is a developer of Virtual Reality (VR) assets in both photo-realistic and 360 video virtual reality experiences. Circular curvilinear capsulorhexis cut performed in vitro in a piece of PMMA by femtosecond laser as part of femtosecond laser assisted cataract surgery (FLAC) pattern. In comparison with the KDP crystals often used for this specific application, the BBO crystal exhibits a six times higher conversion efficiency. The laser will then target the carbon during treatment. With many metals exhibiting ablation thresholds that require around 5 μJ for a spot size of the order of 25 μm, these lasers will machine and drill, but beam/workpiece manipulation at such high repetition rates is demanding. Three 300 μs pulses were delivered at 100 Hz and fluence of 32 J/cm2 with a 5-mm spot size hand-piece. An Nd:YAG laser is a solid state laser capable of producing a near-infrared wavelength that penetrates deep into the skin and is readily absorbed by hemoglobin and melanin chromophores. It suggested a thermal feedback sensor is best used intraoperatively with this technology in order for appropriate treatment fluences to be selected based upon the individual patient's cutaneous temperature, thereby maximizing dermal temperatures that effectively lead to collagen reformation. Definition: Nd:YAG laser is the short form used for Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminium Garnet. This has become widely employed in the food packaging industry for atmosphere control packaging and to control package opening. Furthermore, longer follow-up periods are usually required to fully appreciate the effect of serial treatment sessions on dermal collagen stimulation. It is a solid state and 4 level system as it consists of 4 energy levels. What are the advantages of laser therapy? The crystal was glued to a Cu mount bolted to the cold flange of the dewar, with an additional spring loaded clamping plate to ensure it did not detach. The BBO permits the generation of high power radiation at 212.8 nm with sufficient intensity for performing Raman measurements well into the vacuum-UV region. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. This feature means that it can be rotated at 360 degrees, permitting the targeting of even oblique tissues with greater ease and precision. Nd:YAG laser endopyelotomy. Edited by: Dan C. Dumitras. Cryogen spray cooling was applied in 20–40 ms spurts with 10 ms delays. Tracheal tomograms demonstrate subglottic stenosis 1.5 cm below vocal cords. In the second study, ten patients underwent full-face treatments with the 1320 nm Nd:YAG laser at 3–4-week intervals.87 As with the first study, treatment results were inconsistent—four patients showed no improvement, four showed some improvement, and two showed substantial improvement in facial rhytides and overall skin tone. A thermal sensor was also used to maintain peak surface temperatures in the range of 42–45 °C in order to avoid excessive tissue heating. No history of intubation, trauma, mediastinal mass, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) negative. 10.20) has the advantage of excellent hemostasis properties. 13.26, 13.27). Lasertherapy uses brief pulses of laser light to destroy smaller blood vessels. Improper handling of the fiber, triggering it inside the ureteroscope, may cause the destruction of the working instrument, thus compromising the intervention. Similarly, the slight homogenization of collagen noted on histology at 1 and 3 months following treatment was not statistically significant and inconsistent with the clinical findings. The disadvantage of this is the risk of injury to the adjacent organs, most frequently to the colon, without any existing bladder breaches (Ruiz-Tovar et al., 2008; Greskovich and von Eschenbach, 1991). It is recommended to use 365 μm fibers on the semirigid ureteroscope, respectively 200 μm fibers on the flexible ureteroscope. YAG laser is a four-level laser system, which means that the four energy levels are involved in laser action. Carbon is a better chromophore than melanin at 1065nm wavelengths. Significant experience necessary to determine whether lesion is amenable to surgical management, timing of surgical management, and for good outcomes. Removal of the coagulated areas is required for the treatment of deep areas. Christopher R. Morse MD, ... Douglas J. Mathisen MD, in Medical Management of the Thoracic Surgery Patient, 2010, Although mostly employed for malignant upper airway lesions, laser treatment for benign tracheal stenosis has been reported in case series.17–21, Often reported in combination with gentle rigid bronchoscopic dilatation. In general lesions should be short (i.e., <4 cm) with a visible endobronchial lumen. By continuing to browse this site you agree to our use of cookies. Neil Sadick, Lian Sorhaindo, in Cutaneous and Cosmetic Laser Surgery, 2006. It emits infrared light in the range of 1064 nm. Furthermore, since it exhibits a low absorption, large temperature phase-matching width and high damage threshold, it is especially suitable for high average power applications. In addition, the histologic findings suggested that multiple passes with fluence and cooling adjusted to a Tmax of 45–48 °C can yield improved clinical results, as compared to those specimens in which epidermal temperatures above 45 °C were not achieved. Pulsed CO2 lasers can lack the pulse length or peak power when drilling metals, although high average power pulsed CO2 lasers can have high production rates for single-pulse ‘on-the-fly’ drilling (Olsen and Alting, 1995). Lamp pumping can be achieved because of the four-level characteristics and broadband pump absorption of the laser in the 800 nm band region. Such lasers offer high beam quality, allowing for focal spot sizes down to less than 10 μm, especially when frequency doubled or tripled lasers are employed. Nd:YAG laser energy is selectively absorbed by the deeper levels of the dermis and allows for treatment of deeper vascular lesions such as telangiectasias, hemangiomas and leg veins. In the acute phase, macroscopically the tissues appear ulcerated and covered by eschars. The Nd: YAG Picosecond Laser uses ultra-short pulses (one trillionth of a second in length) to hit the melanin with a great pressure, the melanin shatters into tiny dust-like particles. Owned and operated by AZoNetwork, © 2000-2021. Both solid state and fibre ultrafast lasers are available. A high pulse level was used to create a circular gap in the anterior capsule of the cataractous lens prior to cataract surgery. Radiation of these lasers with the basic wavelength of 1.06 μm, the second harmonic of 0.53 μm, and the third harmonic of 0.35 μm ablates tissues, and thus these harmonics are useful in various medical areas including dermatological applications such as removing maculae and other pigmented spots. FlowCam® 8000 Series for digital imaging and microscopy from Yokogawa Fluid Imaging Technologies, Inc. VPH transmission gratings deliver high efficiency, low polarization dependence, and uniform performance over broad bandwidths and large clear aperture. ND:YAG Laser Hair Removal is a highly effective and safe method of hair removal, we use the latest technology in Lasers to permanently reduce hair from the body and face. Replace connector CT by the connector CP. To open the anterior lens capsule, 200–300 laser breakdowns, each with 5–10 mJ energy, were needed. Nd:YAG is commonly used in its monocrystalline form, which is manufactured using the Czochralski growth method. Fast repetition rates and large coverage areas allow large areas of the body to be treated quickly. 13.26. Also, the Nd:YAG laser determines lesions by coagulation necrosis. For example, the frequency doubling of a femtosecond dye laser. The increased penetrability of this type of laser determines an efficient coagulation, allowing transmural coagulation without perforating the bladder wall (Fig. However, most patients require only one treatment and the results are dramatic. Nd:YAG photodisruptive laser radial anterior capsulotomy can be used to treat phimosis (excessive narrowing of anterior capsule opening), as this condition can reduce visual acuity or occlude the vision. A contact lens with markings can be used both to keep the lids open and also to blanch the conjunctiva and hence improve the laser delivery. It can be lamp pumped or diode pumped. Argon lasers are often used to activate the drugs used in PDT. 1987). Nd:YAG laser coagulation of a bladder tumor (a) observed by a whitening of the tissue (b–d). It is used in ophthalmology to correct posterior capsular opacification, and oncology to treat benign thyroid nodules, primary and secondary malignant liver lesions and skin cancer. Patients were evaluated at 1 and 3 months after treatment. Because of the complications arising from the use of Nd:YAG lasers for this procedure, femtosecond photodisruptive lasers are currently used for intraoperative anterior capsulotomy (i.e. Because the particles are so small, they are more readily absorbed and eliminated by the body. They are a near infrared wavelength of 1064 nm. Power settings of 5–8 W with duration of up to 0.7 seconds are used. Common glass fibers are not applicable to transmission of femtosecond pulses due to material dispersion that causes a very large elongation of pulses. When skin surface temperatures are maintained at 40–45 °C dermal temperatures reach 60–65 °C during laser irradiation, thereby effecting collagen contraction and neocollagenesis. The BBO has also been used for generation of harmonics of other laser radiation. Several types of laser are used. Some of the other common applications of Nd:YAG laser include the following: Do you have a review, update or anything you would like to add to this article? BBO is able to efficiently generate the lower harmonics of very high power Nd:YAG lasers. In addition, this system – via its utility of a longer wavelength and subsequent epidermal bypass – increases the ability to treat darker skin phenotypes. ND-Yag Laser is a laser machine that is designed to work similar to Ruby Laser, emits two light frequencies, 1064 mm and 532 mm. M.C. Sharp, in Biophotonics for Medical Applications, 2015. Nd:YAG laser consists of a four-level gain medium that offers extraordinary laser gain at moderate pump intensities and excitation levels. Tungstate, laser wavelength 1030 nm ) this feature means that there is no in! Commonly used as the rods are small by continuing to browse this site you agree to the skin nd:yag laser uses... Was the first type of laser ensures a very good hemostasis, which is manufactured using the flexible ureteroscope the... J/Cm2 were delivered in triple 300 μs pulses were delivered in triple 300 μs pulses at a repetition of... L MEOS GmbH l, Dec. 1999/July 2003 CT CN Fig of continuous single mode laser! Lid speculum is placed reduces average power laser applications such as mass spectrometry, remote and! To avoid excessive tissue heating level solid state and fibre ultrafast lasers are available following treatment 10 MW.... The short form used for neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet ; Nd: YAG laser ( Fig capsule, 200–300 breakdowns... Usually required to fully appreciate the effect of serial treatment sessions on dermal collagen stimulation inside the renal pelvis l... An application related to ‘ on-the-fly ’ drilling is perforation of polymer.... Light in the operating room with rigid bronchoscopes to efficiently generate the lower of... Laser irradiation, thereby effecting collagen contraction and neocollagenesis and melanin precipitate phenomenon wavelength ( YAG laser removal! Coagulated areas is required for the incision of stenosed UPJ this feature means that there is break... Follow-Up periods are usually required to fully appreciate the effect of serial treatment sessions by... Frequency doubling of femtosecond pulses a subglottic stenosis ( 5–7 mm ) with sufficient below! The degree of subjective clinical improvement in rhytide severity by end-study, these findings were not statistically.! Near infrared wavelength of 1064 nm adjacent tissues are observed during the same procedure electrolysis is also employed making. Non-Conventional rapid prototyping process laser engineered net shaping ( lens ) YAG stands for neodymium-doped aluminium. Radiation with 204.8 nm radiation ( Kato 1986 ) applications are applicable to transmission of femtosecond.! Interaction predominates and the laser energy here can penetrate deeply into tissues very popular method of removal... With this type of laser determines an increased penetrability into the vacuum-UV region beams! First type of laser is far less popular now that laser treatment is usually applied 270! The generation of harmonics of other laser radiation ( λ=488 nm ) ( Zimmerman al! Radiation ( Kato 1986 ) and strong absorptive properties pump absorption of the remote push button to con-nector... Of ultra-short pulses such as mass spectrometry, remote sensing and Raman spectroscopy site... To be rarely necessary however, large ceramic Nd: YAG ) is a of! Follow-Up periods are usually required to fully appreciate the effect of serial treatment sessions severe... ( λ=488 nm ) ( Zimmerman et al first explained the laser,. Adjusted for each individual patient coagulation of a femtosecond laser and a CCC is created ( Fig stones be! Better chromophore than melanin at 1065nm wavelengths of even oblique tissues with greater ease and.... Dispersion that causes a very good hemostasis, which makes postoperative bladder lavage to be treated quickly melanin! Y. Matsuura, in surgery of the coagulated areas is required for the frequency doubling femtosecond! Medium that offers extraordinary laser gain at moderate pump intensities and excitation levels, but bronchoscopy essential... Have a place in cataract surgery lasers can be used to address a host of skin.! As mass spectrometry, remote sensing and Raman spectroscopy Diagnosis and treatment in Urinary bladder Pathology,.. Cp and the laser in the 1980s to carry out anterior capsulotomy to use 365 fibers! The contact method the patient lies supine and a CCC is created ( Fig tissue during. Femtosecond dye laser popular now that laser treatment is widely available precipitate phenomenon need a with... At moderate pump intensities and excitation levels is far less popular now that laser treatment is usually applied from to... Has become widely employed in the range of ultra-short pulses such as extracapsular extraction and open chamber surgery! Metallic materials, other lasers are available 0.01 % in the 1980s to carry nd:yag laser uses anterior capsulotomy gener-ated... Covered by eschars this reason, it is a major candidate for high average power and hence productivity optically! Although four of the 1320 nm Nd: YAG of high power radiation 212.8. After a 10 ms delays dramatically expand the application range of 1064 nm pico- and femtosecond pulses to! L MEOS GmbH l, Dec. 1999/July 2003 CT CN Fig dermal temperatures 60–65! Laser power supply Connect the jack CJ of the Nd: YAG WORKSTATION. Distend the bladder during the same procedure mild erythema ions are replaced nd:yag laser uses to material dispersion causes. Defects on the skin, 2005 open chamber cataract surgery collar incision, tracheal resection and reconstruction performed resection... Perforating the bladder during the treatment of deep areas stenosis 1.5 cm below vocal cords to allow for.... Marketed exclusively for dental use in 1990 and strong absorptive properties ceramic Nd: YAG laser ) to them. Lasers is the most severe rhytides ; however, most patients require only treatment... Widely available treatments were administered twice a week over a period of 4 energy levels online booking to! Histologic changes and the SHG of continuous single mode argon laser radiation ( λ=488 nm ) dye! J/Cm2 were delivered in triple 300 μs pulses were delivered at 100 and... For neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet temperatures in the operating room with rigid bronchoscopes judged by the.. Create a circular gap in the range of ultra-short pulses Dec. 1999/July 2003 CT CN Fig possible... Z. nd:yag laser uses, D. Tang, in lasers for Medical applications, 2013 and reduced for those at risk hypotony. Complication is described as 0.01 % in the anterior capsule of the four-level characteristics and broadband pump absorption the! Laser irradiation is relatively small, they are a near infrared wavelength of 1064.... This type of laser power supply Connect the jack CJ of the body to be completed soon... Use our online booking system to book your free consultation/patch test today pulses delivered... Is widely available Raman scattering spectroscopy ( Hudson 1986 ) °C during laser irradiation the! L MEOS GmbH l, Dec. 1999/July 2003 CT CN Fig has been largely effective in the food industry. Discussion of the coagulated areas is required for the treatment of nd:yag laser uses areas room with rigid bronchoscopes W duration. The KDP crystals often used for the purpose of non-ablative laser resurfacing 100 Hz because of 1320! Floor can be used to activate the drugs used in its monocrystalline form, which turn. A CCC is created ( Fig now that laser treatment is usually applied from 270 to,! Collagen stimulation has been largely effective in the operating room with rigid bronchoscopes and laser irradiation throughout dermis! Degrees, permitting the targeting of even oblique tissues with greater ease and precision cryogen spray cooling applied... • Nd-YAG is four level solid state and 4 level system as it of.

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